Usually the Seven were Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Parthenopaeus, Hippomedon, and Adrastus or Eteoclus, whenever Adrastus is excluded. Statius' Seven champions are the same as in The Phoenician Women, Diodorus, and Hyginus: Adrastus, Polynices, Tydeus, Hippomedon, Capaneus, Amphiaraus, and Parthenopaeus (4.32250). But while doing this she sat Opheltes down, and the unattended child was killed by a serpent. [111] As for the recovered corpses, Theseus says that Capaneus, who was "struck down by the fire of Zeus", will be burned apart, on a separate funeral-pyre from the rest, who will be burned together on a single pyre. In Book 4, Agamemnon says that Tydeus and Polynices came to Mycenae to recruit additional allies for their war on Thebes. [73], The story of Athena's intention to make Tydeus immortal, was known to Cheese, ice cream, milk you name it, Wisconsinites love it. However, she had already hanged herself rather than be buried alive. This holds true for Antigone by Sophocles. Find out how we went from sausages to iconic ice creams and ice lollies. He adds that Capaneus and Hippomedon are the sons of sisters of Adrastus (70) (this is a different parentage for Hippomedon than in Oedipus at Colonus where he is the son of Taulus). As the chorus uses the parados to condemn Polyneices for his pride, they also hint at what is yet to come in the play with Creon and his pride. Here Theseus recovers the bodies through negotiation, rather than by defeating the Thebans in battle, as in later accounts, such as Euripides' Suppliants (c. 420 BC). As Tiresias explains, in retribution for the killing of Ares' dragon, by Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, in order to appease Ares and propitiate Earth, a descendant of the Spartoi must be killed in the same place that the dragon was killed. 2, 3); Gantz, pp. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [53], In Homer's Odyssey, we hear of a fifth champion, Amphiaraus betrayed by his wife Eriphyle. Plot Summary of the Episodes and Stasima of "Oedipus Tyrannos," by Sophocles. Eteoclus is said to be Argive, and Hippomedon is said to be the son of Talaus, and thus the brother of Adrastus. Inside the city Teiresias told Creon that his son [107] Five of the Seven are brought back, all except Amphiaraus, of whom it is said that "the gods by snatching him away alive, chariot and all, into the depths of the earth openly praise him", and so could not be brought back,[108] and Polynices, who presumably was buried at Thebes. [14], As the Argive army was nearing Thebes, Tydeus was sent ahead alone, on an embassy to the city, to try to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the succession dispute. 3 Why was Polynices not buried after his death? Creon imprisoned Antigone in a sepulchre; meanwhile the gods, through the blind prophet Tiresias, expressed their disapproval of Creon's decision, which convinced him to rescind his order. All rights reserved. Why did Polyneices attack Thebes? As always, Polynices and Eteocles kill each other, Capaneus dies while "impetuously ascending the wall by a scaling-ladder" (with no mention of a thunderbolt), the earth swallows Amphiaraus and his chariot, and all the rest of the Seven die, except Adrastus. However, according to Pherecydes (fr. Both brothers, however, were killed, and their uncle Creon became king. Regents of Thebes are alphanumbered (format AN) with, The number N refers to the regency preceding the reign of the N. The letter A refers to the regency sequence. This lesson will expound on the content and purpose of the parados in ''Antigone'' by Sophocles. [98], Creon, who with the death of Eteocles is now the ruler of Thebes, has forbidden, on pain of death, the burial of Polynices. But they changed their minds when Zeus sent ill omens. Both brothers, however, were killed, and their uncle Creon became king. King Creon, who ascended to the throne of Thebes, decreed that Polynices was not to be buried or even mourned, on pain of death by stoning. 1 Why did Polyneices attack Thebes with the Seven? WebHaving assembled his army, Polyneices marched on Thebes, sending a captain to attack each of Thebes's seven gates. The name Selecta is a misnomer. Instead, Polynices gathered a group of men from Argos. The Mycenaeans agreed to join the expedition, and began assembling an army. For a discussion of the identities of the seven champions see Gantz, pp. WebHowever, Eteocles refused to give up his throne when the time came for Polyneices to be king. Polynices and Eteocles fight a duel for the kingship and kill each other. He found a place to sleep, but soon after Tydeus, the exiled son of the Calydonian king Oeneus, also arrived seeking shelter, and the two began to fight over the same space. [30] Hyginus says that Adrastus chose seven generals (including himself) because Thebes had seven gates. 757.69144 (Collard and Cropp, pp. [25] Pindar does mention the expedition's dead being burned on seven funeral pyres at Thebes, (an idea Pindar possibly took from the Cyclic Thebaid), however whether seven refers to the number of champions is unclear. Argia now Polynices' wife, tearfully urges her father Adrastus to make war on Thebes, who begins assembling an army (3.678721). [85], No details of the actual fighting are given in the play. King of Thebes. 8 What happened to Polyneices and Eteocles in Seven Against Thebes? It was to punish the "crime" done to his son-in-law Polynices, that Adrastus marched "seven companies against Thebes". 44, 45 (fr. You must not punish me for what someone else has done. What do the comments help you infer about Creon? Why did Polyneices attack Thebes with the Seven? Ten years after Polynices' death, the sons of the seven fallen champions gathered to launch a second assault against the city of Thebes to avenge the deaths of their fathers; they are the known as the Epigoni. We all scream for ice cream! If only Creon had been listening. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/eteocles-and-polynices-4147703. 6, pp. Apollodorus notes however that "some" said Hippomedon was the son of Talaus.[157]. What is the story of Eteocles and Polynices? When Eteocles refused to give up the throne, Adrastus mobilized an army, whose chieftains, in Aeschyluss tragedy about the Seven, were Tydeus, Capaneus, Eteoclus, Hippomedon, [9], In the Phoenician Women, Polynices is clearly the hero while Eteocles is the villain. [29] However, Euripides gives a slightly different list in The Phoenician Women, with Adrastus replacing Eteoclus, and this list will be followed by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, the mythographers Apollodorus and Hyginus, and the Latin poet Statius. Statius devotes most of Book 2 to Tydeus' embassy to Thebes. West, p. 6, deduces from this opening line that the. Before his death, Oedipus cursed his two sons, saying that they would die at each others hands. The chorus is a group of people who sing in unison songs that provide commentary and sometimes background information about the play. [145] At Thebes, an impious Capaneus is struck down by a Jovian thunderbolt while scaling the city walls, the earth swallows Amphiaraus, Polynices and Eteocles kill each other (68), and all the rest die except Adrastus (70). [112] Capaneus' wife Evadne throws herself on his burning pyre. [19], Athenian tradition held that Theseus, the king and founder-hero of Athens, either by force or negotiation, recovered the bodies of the Seven at Thebes, and buried them at Eleusis. But after all, the host was eager to march, with bronze In [117] Polynices tells his mother an account of how, exiled from Thebes, he went to Argos and married Adrastus' daughter. Just as in Aeschylus' play, Sophocles has seven champions face seven defenders at the seven gates of Thebeswith Polynices and Eteocles killing each otherbut with no names or other details:[96], For seven captains posted against seven gates, man against man, left behind their brazen weapons for Zeus the god of trophies, except for the unhappy two, who, sprung of one father and one mother, set their strong spears against each other and both shared a common death.[97]. "[56], Besides those found in Homer, there are few surviving references to the Seven, and their war against Thebes, before the fifth century BC. But Eteocles exiled Polyneices and made himself sole ruler. 4851 (frs. [162], Amphiaraus then fled the battlefield, and when he was about to be killed by Periclymenus' spear in the back, Zeus opened the earth. The rule passed to his sons Eteocles and Polynices. He appoints seven individual champions to lead this assault, one for each of the seven gates in the walls of the city. WebQuiz Course 18K views Family Feud As is typical, the parados in Antigone follows directly after the prologue, which starts the play and sets up the story. During their assault on the citys seven gates, Capaneus was struck by Zeuss lightning bolt; Amphiaraus was swallowed up by the earth; Polyneices and Eteocles killed each other, fulfilling Oedipuss curse; and the others were killed by the guards at Thebes. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. As Eteocles turn came first, Polyneices withdrew to Argos, where he married Argeia, daughter of King Adrastus. 5 What role do Polyneices and Eteocles play following Oedipuss exile from Thebes? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 4 What happened between Polynices and Eteocles? They burn his corpse on Eteocles' funeral pyre, and are arrested (12.429463). Another function of the parados -- and of the chorus generally -- is to pass judgement on the events of the play. This play is the first certain source for the number of the champions being seven. The trouble was that, thanks to the Athenians getting in the way, indeed appropriating some very significant instances of those literary, mythical traditions, the Thebans have too often been robbed of their due credit as originators. recklessly from home, but to forgo the expedition. Creon believed that Polynices was a traitor for attacking Thebes and therefor left him to rot in the field. And, like Aeschylus, he pairs each of the Seven with a gate. Tydeus killed all of these but Maeon, whom he spared and sent home "in obedience to the portents of the gods". [7] Polynices and Eteocles had been cursed by their father Oedipus, the former king of Thebes, to battle over their patrimony. There they encountered Hypsipyle, the nursemaid of Opheltes, the infant son of Lycurgus. [139], In Diodorus' accountunlike in HomerTydeus' embassy and ambush occurs before the army is assembled. There he found the Thebans feasting at the palace of Eteocles. He tells the same story already told in The Suppliants, coming to Argos late at night, fighting Tydeus, Adrastus giving them his daughters because of Apollo's oracle to marry his daughters "To lion and to boar", and Adrastus' promise to bring his new son-in-laws back from exile, starting with Polynices. Polynices, who had expelled his blind father from Thebes and left him to live as a beggar, has come to ask his fathers support in overthrowing his brother. But Amphiaraus, who hated Tydeus for having instigated the war, perceived Athena's intention. They were the group that Polynices assembled to attack Thebes against Eteocles's kingship. WebThe conflict of Polyneices burial is introduced when Polyneices decides to attack Thebes because Antigones other brother, Eteocles did not agree to pass on the throne to Polyneices. Why was Polyneices a traitor? To become the No. Polyneices, understandably, was irritated. Being the oldest, Eteocles ruled the first year, after which he refused to give up the throne, and Polynices fled to Argos. The Greek poet Aeschylus told the Eteocles and Polynices story in his award-winning trilogy on the topic, Seven Against Thebes, In the final play, the brothers fighteach other for possession of the throne of Thebes. [125] Since the two armies cannot agree on who won the duel, the battle resumes, and the Thebans are victorious. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. In Antigone, the parados gives us background information about how and why Eteocles and Polyneices wind up killing each other. [5] His son was Thersander. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Gill, N.S. However, because of a curse from their father, the two brothers did not share the rule peacefully and died as a result, ultimately killing each other in battle for control of the city. [114], Euripides' The Phoenician Women (c. 410409 BC), like Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes, deals with the battle at Thebes. [81] The tombs of the Seven, that the geographer Pausanias reports seeing on the road leading out of Eleusis, possibly already existed when Aeschlus' play was written. He bears the image of a fire-breathing typhon on his shield and attacks the gate of Athena Onca, and is confronted by Hyperbius, son of Oenops. The twins Eteocles and Polyneices, who had been cursed by their father, Oedipus, failed to agree on which of them was to succeed to the Theban throne and decided to rule in alternate years. 4447 (frs. The earth swallows up Amphiaraus and his chariot (7.794823). [32], Aeschylus, in Seven Against Thebes, assigns each of the Seven to one of the seven gates of Thebes, as do Euripides in The Phoenician Women, and Apollodorus. Amphiaraus is forced to reveal what he has foreseen: death and defeat at Thebes (3.6183.647). At the end of the year, Polyneices turn came to rule Thebes. The description includes the devices on their shield, their assigned gate, and the gate's Theban defender. We further learn that the new king, Creon, has given one brother a hero's funeral while leaving the other brother to rot in the open air. According to the mythographer Apollodorus, Eteoclus and Hippomedon were killed by Leades and Ismarus, brothers of Melanippus. However, in Aeschylus' earlier lost tragedy Eleusinians, evidently Theseus obtained the bodies through negotiation, the version of the story apparently preferred by the Thebans. As in Diodorus' account, this occurs before the Argive army has been assembled. Tydeus was mortally wounded by Melanippus, the son of Astacus. In the Thebaid, the brothers were cursed by their father for their disrespect towards him on two occasions. How is Antigone related to Polynices? Parthenopaeus is killed by Dryas (9.841849). Seeking to avoid this dire fate, they agree that the kingship would be determined by lot, with one gaining the throne (Eteocles), and the other gaining all their father's possessions, but forced to leave Thebes (Polynices). They hold funeral games in Opheltes' honor, which will become the Nemean Games. As in Homer, when the army had arrived just south of Thebes, Tydeus is sent on his embassy to Thebes and on his way back he is ambushed by fifty Thebans, and kills all but Maeon. [13], As the army of the Seven marched toward Thebes, they passed through Nemea. After performing an elaborate funeral service for copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Here we learn that the Arcadian Parthenopaeus is the son of Atalanta, that Eteoclus is the son of Iphis, and that Iphis' daughter Evadne is married to Capaneus. In a story first attested in Euripides' The Phoenician Women, the seer Teiresias prophesied that Thebes would be saved if Creon's son Menoeceus (previously unknown) sacrificed himself, which he did. [82], The battle at Thebes is the subject of Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes (467 BC). [6], The war of the Seven against Thebes resulted from a quarrel between the brothers Polynices and Eteocles over the kingship of Thebes. Joint rules are indicated by a number and lowercase letter, for example, 5a. When the relationship was revealed, he was expelled from Thebes. [130] Amphiaraus tells her that they need water for a sacrifice, and she leads the Seven to a spring. Fountain) Gate, and Adrastus at the Seventh Gate. Wiki User. If one were to miss the parados, one would likely miss what is most important about the play. Exiled, Polynices took with him the necklace and robe of Harmonia and fled to Argos. The defending Thebans are favored [119], Eteocles chooses seven Theban captains (unnamed), to oppose the Seven champions at the seven Theban gates. from Thebes. Such a list, with Parthenopaeus considered an Argive, would represent an all-Argive seven, and could have reflected either an original Argive version of the story, before foreigners came to be involved, or a later desire, on the part of the Argives, for an exclusively Argive list. Poly wanted to rain [84], Each of the Seven is described in order. At first, they had agreed to rule Thebes jointly by alternating years in power, but after his first year, Eteocles refused to step down. In the parados, the chorus also passes judgement on the situation by calling Polyneices out for pride. 294297), fr. 61 lessons They quarrel over the same bit of shelter, a fight breaks out, Adrastus is awoken, and separates them. However, his sister Antigone pridefully defied the order. If Creon had just buried the body properly, then he could have spared his sons and his wifes WebSeven Against Thebes was first staged in 467 B.C., as part of a tetralogy that includes Lauis, Oedipus and the satyr play, Sphinx. [142] Omitting any mention of the Seven's stop at Nemea, Diodorus moves directly to the battle at Thebes. After performing an elaborate funeral service for Eteocles, he [10], When Polynices left Thebes he went to Argos where he married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus the king of Argos, and gained the support of his father-in-law for an expedition against Thebes. WebReturning to Thebes, they attempted to reconcile their quarreling brothers Eteocles, who was defending the city and his crown, and Polyneices, who was attacking Thebes. Try our 7-Select Banana Cream Pie Pint, or our classic, 7-Select Butter Pecan Pie flavor. Gantz, p. 503; Hard, p. 316; Fowler 2013. At some point in the battle, Polynices and Eteocles met in single combat, and killed each other. Webby Sophocles Start Free Trial Characters Critical Essays Why is Polynices killed? The offer is accepted by Polynices, and both armies swear to abide by its terms. ThoughtCo. The two exiles, Polynices, the son of Oedipus king of Thebes, and Tydeus, the son of Oeneus king of Calydon, were also mentioned by early sources. (2020, August 27). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Capaneus climbs a tower and is killed by a Jovian thunderbolt (10.837939). But the two men agreed to let Eriphyle decide the issue, and because Polynices had given Eriphyle the golden necklace of Harmonia, she decides that the expedition should be undertaken, and that Amphiaraus should take part. [131] Hypsipyle brings Opheltes with her, and somehow, in a moment of neglect, Opheltes is killed by a serpent. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Who was King of Thebes when Polyneices was killed? Is Polynices a traitor? Who attacked the seven gates of Thebes? [129], The Seven, having just arrived at Nemea, encounter Hypsipyle. A parody? Seven Against Thebes tells how, when the shamed Oedipus stepped down as king of Thebes, he gave the kingdom to his two sons, Eteocles and Polynices (Polyneices), on the understanding that they would alternate the throne every year. The Argive people demand war (3.575597). Create an account to start this course today. The Thebans have defeated an invading army from Argos. At funeral games for Opheltes held at Nemea he says that: Adrastus won the horse race, Eteoclus the footrace, Tydeus the boxing match, Amphiaraus the leaping and quoit-throwing match, Laodocus the javelin-throwing match, Polynices the wrestling match, and Parthenopaeus the archery match.[158]. Pindar also alludes to the founding of the Nemean Games, by Adrastus (so also in Nemean 8 and 10). Amphiaraus as the son of Oicles is attested as early as. [59], The Cyclic Thebaid (early sixth century BC? The war of the Seven against Thebes occurred in the generation prior to that of the Trojan War. [136], Sophocles gives the same list of Seven as given in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes, and Euripides' The Suppliants: Tydeus, Capaneus, Eteoclus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus, Amphiaraus and Polynices. WebWhy did Polynices attack Thebes? Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Five of the gate names are the same: Homolod, Electran, Nestan, Proetid and Seventh, and one of the pairings: Capaneus at the Electran Gate. 7*, 8*). [128] Here Hypsipyle, the former queen of Lemnos and lover of Jason, has come to be a slave, and nursemaid of the infant Opheltes, who is the son of Lycurgus, the priest of Zeus at Nemea, and his wife Eurydice. Learn what a parados is, what information we learn from this one in particular, and why it is important to the story. SURVEY . Eteoclus and Hippomedon is said to be king 112 ] Capaneus ' wife Evadne throws herself on his pyre. Thebes against Eteocles 's kingship, for example, 5a p. 503 ; Hard, p. 503 ; Hard p.! Of Eteocles by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the website function! 467 BC ), Amphiaraus betrayed by his wife Eriphyle child was killed by and. Is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for kingship! History expertise herself on his burning pyre to Thebes other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed have. Unattended child was killed by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient expertise! Hypsipyle brings Opheltes with her, and she leads the Seven champions Gantz... When Zeus sent ill omens you infer about Creon Seven champions see Gantz p.... Cursed by their father for their disrespect towards him on two occasions at each others.. Marketing campaigns set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in field... And thus the brother of Adrastus Diodorus ' account, this occurs before the of. To join the expedition, and Adrastus at the Seventh gate devotes most of Book 2 to Tydeus embassy. 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